The Most Common Causes of Lower Back Pain
Lower back pain is one of the most common complaints I see in clinical practice. Many patients worry that something serious may be happening in their spine, but in reality, most cases of lower back pain are related to everyday strain, posture, or age-related changes in the spine.
Understanding the common causes can help patients recognize when the pain is temporary and when it may be time to seek medical evaluation.
1. Muscle or Ligament Strain
One of the most frequent causes of lower back pain is a muscle strain.
I often see patients who developed pain after:
- lifting something heavy
- sudden twisting movements
- prolonged physical activity
- poor posture during work
When muscles or ligaments are overstretched, inflammation can develop, leading to stiffness and pain in the lower back.
2. Poor Posture and Prolonged Sitting
Modern lifestyles involve long hours of sitting, whether working at a desk, driving, or using digital devices.
Poor sitting posture places continuous stress on the muscles and structures supporting the spine. Over time, this strain can lead to persistent lower back discomfort.
Many patients notice their back pain worsening after a full day at work or long periods of sitting.
3. Slipped Disc (Herniated Disc)
Another cause of lower back pain is a slipped disc, also known as a herniated disc.
The discs in our spine act as cushions between the vertebrae. When a disc bulges or ruptures, it can press on nearby nerves.
Patients with a slipped disc may experience:
- lower back pain
- pain radiating down the leg
- numbness or tingling
- weakness in the leg
This condition often requires proper medical evaluation to determine the best treatment approach.
4. Degenerative Changes in the Spine
As we age, the structures of the spine naturally undergo wear and tear.
Conditions such as degenerative disc disease or facet joint arthritis can develop over time. These changes may cause chronic lower back pain, particularly in individuals over 40.
Many patients describe this pain as stiffness that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
5. Lack of Core Muscle Strength
The muscles of the abdomen and lower back support the spine.
When these muscles are weak, the spine receives less support, making it more vulnerable to strain and injury. In clinical practice, I often recommend strengthening exercises to improve spinal stability and reduce recurring back pain.
When Should You See a Doctor for Lower Back Pain?
While many cases of back pain improve with rest and conservative care, certain symptoms should prompt medical evaluation.
Patients should seek medical advice if they experience:
- severe or persistent pain
- pain lasting more than a few weeks
- numbness or weakness in the legs
- pain following an injury
- difficulty walking or standing
A proper medical assessment helps identify the cause and ensures appropriate treatment.
Doctor’s Insight
In my experience, most lower back pain is related to lifestyle factors such as posture, muscle strain, or prolonged sitting. Early attention to these issues—through posture correction, strengthening exercises, and timely medical evaluation—can help prevent long-term spine problems.
– Prof. Dato’ Dr. William Teh Siew Guan
Clinical Radiologist
Evercare Medical Care Centre, Penang, Malaysia.
Frequently Asked Questions
Muscle or ligament strain is one of the most frequent causes.
Yes. Prolonged sitting, especially with poor posture, can strain the lower spine.
Symptoms like leg weakness, numbness, severe pain, or pain lasting several weeks should be evaluated by a doctor.
Strengthening the core muscles can improve spinal support and reduce recurring pain.